Open Access Theses

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Open Access
Social control in Tangu
(1953) Burridge, Kenelm
The fact that social control is as wide as the study of sociology itself implies that, in specific reference, the concept requires containment: A first approximation would be the examination of certain selected questions in reference to a political or quasi -political unit- since a political group would normally set the limits for a particular set of controls. And if opinion be divided on what goes to make a political system, a first requirement would still appear to be an analysis of the relationship between constituent groups to the end of eliciting and presenting logically the principles round which the activities of a people appear to be organised. This implies an analysis of power distribution within the group concerned and the related problems of power seeking or status advance – linking what Bateson has called “Preferred Types” with what Radcliffe Brown has called positive and negative sanctions. Thus, this dissertation is concerned first with finding the organising principles of a group – intrinsic control, control inherent in social relationships. Secondly, it is necessary to isolate and analyse those areas where the initiative of an individual can effectively steer or guide the behaviour of others: this process of exerting effective influence on many by one or a few I call management. Third, these activities need to be related to certain notions or dominate values held by, or common to, the bulk of individuals making up the group.
Open Access
Church and state in Australia : the background and implications of separation
(1953) Liesching, Susan Elizabeth
My aim is not to watch the gradual breaking down of a tradition - that of an “established” church – until the separation of church and state occurred, but rather to watch the building up in a new and unprecedented type of colony of a form Church-State relationship which was the practical expression of the political theory and religious thought of the nineteenth century. The story runs from the earliest settlement and the beginnings of organized religion to the time when the drafting of the federal constitution made it necessary to produce a working formula to regulate the relations between church and state. In the days of penal colonization Church-State relations underwent a phase which could conveniently be described as quasi-establishment: a relationship dictated more by the needs and circumstances of the panel settlement than by the views and policy of the Colonial office. This was followed by a phase (covered in the second and third chapters) when several churches received State support, but this was clearly intended to be temporary only, marking an advance towards the goal of Separation and religious freedom. Chapter four analyses the religious and political ideals which, during the third and final phase, were contributing to make separation a reality. Lastly, in the fifth chapter, the implications of the formula arrived at in the constitution will be explored with a view to showing that neither the guarantee of religious freedom nor separation is absolute. This thesis covers only one aspect of the subject of Church-State relations in Australia which also involved the theoretical and legal position occupied by churches – as one type of voluntary group – within the general framework of the State.
Open Access
Enzyme studies in the tricarboxylic acid cycle : the purification and properties of aconitase
(1953) Morrison, John Francis
The purpose of this investigation was to obtain a highly purified preparation of aconitase and to study properties of the purified enzyme. The thesis describes: (I) The method of purification (II) The activation of aconitase by Fe2+ and reducing agents (III) The effect of pH on the enzyme activity (IV) A study of the kinetics of the enzyme (V) The effect of Fluorocitric acid on the enzyme activity (VI) The effect of other inhibitors on the enzyme activity. The result may be briefly summarised as follows: A preparation of aconitase with a higher specific activity than previously reported has been obtained. The preparation was stable. Electrophoretic analysis showed that the aconitase protein formed 75-80 % of the total protein present. The results obtained during the fractionation were consistent with the idea that aconitase activity is associated with a single species of protein molecule. The final enzyme preparation possessed little activity in the absence of Fe2+ and a reducing agent. The activity could be increased 70-fold by the presence of these substances. The result indicate that the active form of the enzyme is an enzyme- fe2+ -activator complex. From a study of the effects of pH on the reactions catalysed by aconitase and of the reaction kinetics, it was concluded that the same catalytic centre of the aconitase protein is concerned in all the reactions. Aconitase was inhibited in a competitive fashion by “natural” fluorocitric acid, whilst anathetic fluorocitric acid inhibited it competitively and irreversibly. Where p-chloromercuribenzoate inhibited aconitase in the presence of substrate, o-phenanthroline, 2:2- dipyridyl and versene inhibited only in the absence of substrate. Cyanide and aside did not inhibit the enzyme.
Open Access
The maximum effect of convection in stellar atmospheres on the observed properties of stellar spectra
(1953) Przybylski, Antoni
In spite of many attempts to solve the problem of convection in stellar atmospheres our present knowledge of its effects on the structure of the outer layers of stars is still inadequate. The observations of solar granulation and theoretical investigations show clearly that there is an unstable zone in stellar atmospheres, in which the transfer of energy is partly due to radiation and partly to convection and in which therefore the actual temperature gradient has a value intermediate between the two limiting values of the radiative and adiabatic gradients, but we have no sure basis on which to investigate theoretically the influence of convection on the temperature distribution in the convectively unstable zone. Since however the energy distribution in the stellar spectrum is a function of the temperature distribution in the outer layers of stellar atmospheres, it can be hoped that the analysis of stellar spectrum may lead to an approximate evaluation of the influence of convection on the structure of the convective zone, if there are any properties of stellar spectra, which are sensibly affected by convection and which can be easily measured. The present investigation shows that the stellar colour-gradient and the equivalent widths of the calcium lines satisfy both the above conditions and therefore may be used for that purpose. The present investigations consist in the computation of these properties for a number of pairs of model stellar atmospheres, the models of every pair having the same surface temperature and the same value of surface gravity, but differing by disregarding convection in one model altogether, and by taking it at its highest amount, i.e the adiabatic value, in the convective zone in the other; the colour gradients of real stellar atmospheres must then lie between the two values found in the way. Such pairs of model stellar atmospheres were computed ten years ago by B. Stromgron and his collaborators, but they soon became obsolete, when the investigation of S. Chandrasekhar and F.H. Breen showed that the old value of absorption coefficient for negative hydrogen ion used by B. Stromgren was only a rough approximation. Since they seemed to be inadequate for the study of the effect of convection in stellar atmospheres on the observable properties of stellar spectra, a new series of models based on recent values of absorption coefficients was computed.
Open Access
A study of diffuse southern Ha nebulae
(1953) Gum, Colin Stanley
The result of a photographic survey for diffuse Ha emission nebulosities (HII regions) in the Southern Milky Way from galactic longitude 1+190° to 350° are given. A catalogue, which includes a number of new objects, lists positions and dimensions of 85 physically separate H II regions together with details of the exciting stars and their distance moduli when available. The faintest objects detected have n3=1, where n3 is the number of third level hydrogen atoms in a column 1 cm2 in cross-section passing through the nebula in the direction of the line of sight. A scheme of classification describing the large scale structural features of H II regions is suggested. The main criterion is the radial variation of surface brightness within the nebula. Most H II regions may then be arranged in an almost continuous sequence from those having a very high central surface brightness, (n3 up to 200), which decreased with increasing distance from the centre, (class I), to fainter objects (n3 ˷5) in which most of the emission is concentrated in a ring or in an incomplete ring (class IV). One of the intermediate classes (class III) has a practically uniform surface brightness over a circular disk with the exciting star at the geometrical centre. This class corresponds most closely to Stromgren’s idealised H II regions, which when appear as a special case in a more general sequence of structural forms. The classification is also applicable to emission nebulosities in other stellar systems where only large-scale features may be observed. The statistical relations between the apparent photographic magnitude of the exciting star and the apparent diameter of the nebulosity is discussed and compared with Hubble’s original relation derived from blue-sensitive plate material. The spatial distribution of the Southern HII regions can be studied in only a tentative fashion at present. The result suggest certain details spiral structure in the galaxy.
Open Access
Medium and small-scale industry in the Japanese economy
(1954) Crawcour, E. Sydney
This thesis is a study of the nature, development and implications of medium and small scale industry in the Japanese economy. Medium and small scale industry in Japan is the product of development of the native sector of industry, whereas large scale industry was introduced from the west with government assistance and with little reference to the background of development within Japan. The development of medium and small scale industry is thus the history of the adaption of native industry to changes in Japan’s economic organisation. Corresponding to the stage of cottage industry, dispersed manufacture and small factory industry, various forms of industrial organisation have been evolved and still survive in medium and small scale industry. These forms are based on varying degrees of dependence on either commercial or industrial capital. Although, as part of the war organisation of industry, the Japanese government tried to accelerate the formation of industrial capital by authoritarian means, absolute shortage of capital and overpopulation have resulted in relatively slow and inefficient methods of industrialisation in a large sector of Japanese industry. So long as these factors continue to operate medium and small scale industry will remain a large part of the Japanese economy, and an intractable problem of economic policy.
Open Access
The changing social structure of the Wanindiljaugwa
(1954) Worsley, Peter Maurice
The theoretical standpoint from which this study was approached is outlined,together with a consideration of its methodological implications. Analysis of the social system of the Wanindiljaugwa is presented in terms of process and change,and the significance of the term 'structure' is not confined to the formal structure nor to repetitive patterns.
Open Access
The theory and application of stochastic processes
(1955) Hannan, Edward James
The work presented in this thesis was done during the period October, 1953 to July, 1955. The work is original in the sense that it was wholly done by myself. However, in the course of presenting the results it has been necessary to refer to the work of other men. Where this has been done it has always been made clear by means of a reference. Chapter I contains no original research but is rather a review of the existing state of the subject. In #2.2. a theorem due to Pitman is proved so that the only original research in Chapter 2 is contained in # 2.3. where Pitman’s theorem is extended. Chapter 3 is based on a paper by Ogawara, but most of the chapter is original and consists either of extensions of Ogawara’s results or of an examination of their efficiency. Chapter 4, 5 and 6 present original results obtained by the author, while Chapter 7, where a theory due to Dr. E.G. Bowen is tested, is also wholly original. Most of the contents of Chapter 3 and 4 were published by the author in a paper in Biometrika, Volume 42, parts 1 and 2. Most of the contents of Chapter 5 will appear under the author’s name in Biometrika, Volume 42, Parts 3 and 4. The material making up Chapter 7 appeared as an article by the author in The Australian Journal of Physics, Volume 8, No. 2. Most of the subject matter of Chapter 6 has been communicated (by Professor P.A.P. Moran) for publication under the author’s name in The Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.
Open Access
Assimilation of European immigrants : a study in role assumption and fulfilment
(1955) Craig, Jean I.
Among the 850,000 immigrants who have come to Australia since the end of the war are included some 171,000 “Displaced persons”, war-time and post-war emigrants resettled in this country by arrangement with the International Refugee Organisation. These immigrants are now scattered in cities and country areas throughout Australia. The process of their incorporation into the Australian social structure is a matter of considerable practical importance, because their incorporation is still very far from complete, and because this experience should presumably provide a useful guide for official policy and the behaviour of individuals and private groups towards the new arrivals who continue to settle in this country under a variety of schemes. But this unprecedented influx of Europeans also allows the sociologies to pursue further the theoretical problem of the process of assimilation. The present study was designed as a contribution to the understanding of this problem. Because little sociological material was available, either on the general position of immigrants in this country, or on the Displaced Persons in particular, no attempt was made in advance to formulate rigid hypotheses. The study was, rather, an exploratory one, designed to analyse the relation between the immigrant’s social background. His social relations in this country both with other immigrants and with Australia (social assimilation), his acquisition of new cultural patterns (cultural assimilation), his attitude and beliefs about his country of origin and about the new society (identifications with and orientations towards groups), and his own perception of his present position, particularly in terms of worthiness and success (adjustment). It was expected that it would be possible to identify recurring combinations of these several aspects of the assimilation process, that is, general patterns or modes of organisation of the individual’s behaviour, attitudes and values (types of adaptation). The concepts used in the analysis will be discussed in some detail in the relevant chapters. The concluding chapter briefly relates the findings of this study to the general body of knowledge on assimilation.
Open Access
Some problems in the theory and applications of Markov chains
(1955) Gani, Joseph
This thesis, written during my two-year term between January 1954 and January 1956 as a Research student of the Australian National University, consists of some work carried out during 1954 and early 1955. Sections of Chapter 2, and all of Chapters 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, are either published or in process of publication, and are available in a slightly different form in Biometrika (1955, 42), and the Australian Journal of Applied Science (1955, 6); Chapter 5 is also being submitted for publication. I feel it is safe to claim the greater part of the thesis as original work; but, in the circumstances, it would perhaps be more appropriate to specify the original parts of each chapter in some detail. Chapter 1 is a review of recent contributions to the field considered; to this no great originality can be ascribed. Chapter 2 consists of a connected account of those properties of Markov chains, most of them well known, which are required in the remaining parts of the thesis. My own contributions to this chapter are: 1) the somewhat new presentation of the proof in 2.5, p. 30-33, that the latent root 1 of the stochastic matrix for a regular chain is simple; 2) the new theorem in 2.7, p.39-42, derived from a theorem of Frechet; 3) the entirely new theorem in 2.9, p. 44-47, for the latent roots of the matrix R={Pij exp tij}. The work in Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, though based in part on suggestions of professor P.A.P. Moran, is fully my own. Naturally, some results due to other authors are used, or briefly summarised, but these are always clearly acknowledged. Finally Chapter 8 was prepared in collaboration with Professor Moran; each of us can, I think, claim an equal share of the work. I began by working out the discrete dam probably by Monte Carlo methods; Professor Moran redrafted the entire chapter, eliminated several errors and added various improvements. The final part8.4 on the continuous dam problem is entirely his and his only been included for the sake of completeness.
Open Access
Physiological and pharmacological investigations on synaptic transmission in sympathetic ganglia
(1955) Eccles, Rosamond M.
In vertebrates, outside the spinal column, lies the long sympathetic chain of nerve fibres studded with ganglia whose neurones innervate the glands, heart and smooth muscle. The preganglionic fibres arise from neurones in the spinal cord and leave it in the ventral roots. Thence by way of the white rami they reach the sympathetic trunk and sometimes run up or down several segments of the chain before ending synoptically on ganglion cells. The sympathetic ganglion cells were shown by the historical studies of Cajal (1911), Castro (1932) and others to possess a branching dendrite system which is practically enclosed in a thick capsule, quite unlike the wide and free distribution of the motoneuronal dendrites. The intracapsular dendrites from an open network uniformly distributed around the cells and end in curious shaped swellings either on the capsule itself or amongst the small cells in the capsular sheath called satellite cells by Cajal (1911) and Castro (1932). There is good experimental evidence that there are no interneurons in the ganglia between the preganglionic fibres and the ganglion cells. Thus Ranson and Billingsley (1918) found that section of the cervical sympathetic, i.e. the preganglionic fibres, produced degeneration of all the fine branching fibres in the ganglion, only the ganglion cells and their axons surviving. Secondly the uniformity of the preganglionic endings and the ganglion cells made it seem very unlikely that interneurons were present (Cajal, 1911 and Castro, 1932; also Ranson and Billingsley, 1918). Since the number of postganglionic fibres far exceeds the number of preganglionic fibres, each preganglionic fibre must innervate several ganglion cells (Langley, 1900). Billingsley and Ranson (1918a) estimated a 1:32 ration on histological counts though later work indicated a ratio (Wolf, 1941). The following additional evidence also relates to the simple synaptic structure of the ganglion. When nicotine was painted on the superior cervical ganglion (Langley, 1900), transmission through the ganglion was blocked. Similarly section of the preganglionic nerve trunk no degeneration beyond the ganglion, i.e. degeneration could affect only the preganglionic trunk and not the internal carotid nerve (Ranson and Billingsley, 1918). Electrical stimulation of the postganglionic nerve produced no activity in the preganglionic nerve – a very good indication, as Brown (1934) points out, for unidirectional conduction through ganglia. The sympathetic ganglion thus provides the simplest example in vertebrates of a synaptic system between two groups of nerve cells, the axons of the preganglionic neurones ending on the ganglion cells without the complication of interneurons.
Open Access
Political groupings in New South Wales, 1872-1889 : a study in the working of responsible government
(1955) Martin, Allan William
The present study began as an exploratory attempt to discover patterns and meaning in the superficially confused politics of New South Wales during the seventies and eighties of last century. This has been a neglected period; the dramatic political struggles of the decades at either end of the half century provided the first obvious focus of attention for modern Australian historical research, still largely in its infancy. Closer examination of the subject soon made it clear that two central questions required answering. Simply stated, they were: 1. How, in the absence of an established party system, did Responsible Government function in New South Wales between 1872 and 1887? 2. What was the nature of the political parties that appeared between 1887 and 1889, and how did they emerge from the confused scene of previous years? These problems have in a general sense determined the limits of the study. Attention is directed largely to the formation of groups in the parliamentary struggle, and to the modes in which such groups strove for power. Hence there is no attempt to provide a connected political history of the period. Some explanation has also to be made of the apparently extreme importance accorded to Parkes in the first part of the discussion. It is, of course, true that he was the dominant parliamentary of his day, and that the politics of the period could be written largely in terms of his career. His constant reappearance here, however, is due more to a methodological circumstance than to any such judgment of his role. He was the only contemporary politician to leave an important collection of private papers, and these _ hitherto neglected _ have proved a fruitful source of information on political machinations of the less obvious kind. It is illuminating, on the basis of this material, to view Parkes as the type of the faction leader of his day. This study essays a number of new interpretations whose value will be open to debate. But the approach adopted has yielded at least two important discoveries: that widespread electoral manipulation took place during the seventies in the interests of parliamentary factions; and that, well before the formation of the Labour Party, the electorate of New South Wales had witnessed, and experienced the operation of, two highly organised party structures. Both these conclusions suggest that accepted interpretations of the early stages of growth in the Australian party system require modification.
Open Access
The synthesis and breakdown of phosphocreatine in animal tissues : a study of creatine phosphokinase
(1955) Rosenberg, Harry
Nearly half a century ago the element phosphorus was introduced into biochemistry with the observation of Harden and Young (1905) that inorganic phosphate added to fermenting yeast could not, after a time, be precipitated with either magnesia mixture or silver nitrate. The subsequent work of Harden and Young (1906, 1908) produced evidence that the phosphate was esterified and largely appeared in a form of hexose phosphate. At that time the compound was considered to be merely a by-product of fermentation and its general importance was not realised until eight years later when Embden, Griesbach and Schmitz (1914) found hexose di-phosphate in skeletal muscle. The five decade that passed witnessed the advent of phosphorus to a position of major importance in the metabolic reactions of living matter and it has been stated that “among the mineral elements essential to life none plays a more central role than phosphorus.” (Glass, 1951). The function of phosphate in the economy of vertebrates can be divided into two main parts: The first, and quantitatively the lesser part of the body phosphorus that has attracted the attention of the biochemist occupied with the metabolic reactions of the cell. Less than 20% of the body phosphorus can be found in the so-called acid-soluble fraction which contains, apart from orthophosphate, a multitude of soluble organophosphates. The distribution in the body of these compounds varies. About half of the total acid soluble fraction is found in the muscles; the remainder is distributed to a varying extent in other tissues and its presence is probably essential in every living cell. After the discovery by Harden and Young in 1906 of hexose phosphate, knowledge of the role of phosphorus was not appreciably increased until about 1926. The decade that followed 1926 brought into this field a number of new contributions of which the most outstanding were: The fact that hexose phosphate was formed not as the result of a side reaction but was the first of a series of phosphorylated intermediated which arose as a result of the stepwise degradation of glucose. This series of reactions, all of which were reversible, became known as the hexose, or glycolytic cycle. It was also observed that metabolic reactions depended upon the presence of complex compounds, named nucleotides, all containing phosphate groups and which were required in catalytic amounts. To this group belonged the adenylic system (phosphorylation), phosphopyridine nucleotides ( oxidation and reduction) and diphosphothiamine nucleotide (decarboxylation). As the result of study of phosphorylation reactions it was found that in many of these the transfer of phosphate was direct from compound to compound without the intermediate liberation of inorganic phosphate. One of the most interesting aspects of the work involving phosphorylated intermediates was the discovery that some of these compounds contained phosphate bonds of a far higher energy content than those of ordinary phosphate esters. This last observation was of prime importance for the understanding of the fundamental reactions involving liberation of energy in various forms by living tissues. In this group of compounds belong the adenine nucleotides and the phosphagen of vertebrate and invertebrate muscle phosphor-creatine and phosphoarginine.
Open Access
Incomplete forms of influenza virus
(1955) Graham, Doris Mary
Viruses occupy a unique position in the hierarchy of physical objects as they can be regarded as the most highly organized chemical structures which do not metabolize, or alternatively as the lowest forms of life that reproduce themselves at the expense of higher organisms. They “live a borrowed life” as Laidlaw put it, and for this precise reason their study is likely to give a better and more direct insight into the fundamental secrets of life than studies at the biochemical, or strictly speaking, microbiological level. All viruses share these advantages as objects of research, but some are preferred to others for further, mainly technical, reasons. Among the animal viruses influenza is perhaps the most natural choice; it has some drawbacks such as its instability, both physical and biological, but possesses the compensating attraction of being the easiest to assay by several independent and accurate methods. In this respect the virus of epidemic influenza compares more than favourably with any known virus, be it plant, bacterial or animal, and for this reason has been the favoured subject of quantitative virological studies over the last decade. Dicted the reigning hypothesis and a new interpretation was put forward to replace it. The present work was undertaken originally with the intention of examining this new hypothesis by testing some of its more obvious implications. Very early in the course of our experiments such results were obtained which rendered even this second hypothesis untenable. Thus, instead of continuing the investigation of the von Magnus phenomenon along predetermined lines and by classical techniques, we were soon forced to embark on an extensive set of exploratory experiments, to construct step by step a working hypothesis consistent with newly gained information and to design new ways of testing and checking the new and often unexpected assumptions that had to be made. As a result, the study has gone beyond the theme originally set for this thesis, and while two fundamentally new findings, namely, the graded production of incomplete virus and the chemical induction of the phenomenon have been fully established, several interesting lines of research opened by these discoveries have been covered by exploratory experiments only, and their comprehensive investigation must be left for the future.
Open Access
The Italians of Port Pirie
(1955) Bromley, John Edward
This study is concerned with Italian settlement in the industrial city of Port Pirie, South Australia. The problem to explain the kind and degree of assimilation among migrants of Italian descent was bound up with the problem of group integration, since the Italians who appeared least assimilated formed themselves into a cohesive racial group, and the most assimilated Italians resisted group integration. Because of this variation in grouping the study of the assimilation of Italians in Port Pirie became one of the effect of group integration on assimilation into the host society _ that is, that portion of the adopted country where the migrants chose to settle. The degree of assimilation was not amenable to quantative measurement but was gauged comparatively by the knowledge that the migrants had of the host society, their readiness to accept its norms, and the willingness of the host society to accept them on a similar footing in the society. The problem of assimilation was complicated because the adopted country and the host society were not themselves uniform and it is dubious whether there was any one set of values about which all Australians were agreed. Thus the type of explanation which depended on the replacement of an Australian ethos, described by listing typical Australian behaviour traits and expectations as ortteri by an Italian ethos was too facile, and the study of such a transformation would have meant that equal attention should be given to Australian and Italian folkways. Such a study would have demanded time and resources than I had at disposal.
Open Access
Teacher's status in Australia
(1955) Goodman, Rupert Douglas
Teachers are very concerned about the status of their occupation. This is evident from the opinions of teachers expressed in Teacher’s Journals and in educational literature. Teachers believe their occupation has a low status and that it ought to be higher. The opinions held by teachers about the status of their occupation generally agree with the opinions held by various “publics” in tests designed to measure the relative status of occupations. The tests reveal there is general agreement in placing occupations in such a scale, with the professional and higher business occupations at the top, the skilled trades and technical occupations in the middle group, and the semi-skilled and unskilled occupations on the lowest ranking. In respect of individuals in these occupations, the doctor has the highest rating, followed by the solicitor, the clergyman, the engineer and architect. Teachers come lower down on the scale, although the secondary school teacher appears higher on the list than primary teacher. Teacher’s ideas about the prestige rating of their occupation are fixed on the status of professions, particularly of medicine and law. Teachers want their occupation to be recognised as a profession because they believe that such recognition would result in individual teachers improving their social status, their position in society vis-a-vis other individuals.
Open Access
The epidemiology of myxomatosis in the Australian wild rabbit
(1955) Marshall, Ian David
The epidemiology of an infectious disease is usually studied so that remedial or preventive measures can be applied at the most accessible phase of the parasite’s life cycle. Once these measures are applied, the relationship between host and parasite is immediately modified, so that normally it is impossible to follow the evolution of a disease under natural conditions for any length of time. When myxomatosis became established in the Australian wild rabbit five years ago, the economic value of the disease became apparent almost immediately. A far less publicised aspect is the unique opportunity afforded the epidemiologist to study the mutual interaction of animal-host and virus-parasite under natural conditions. It is not the first time that a virus disease has been spread deliberately in a susceptible population; smallpox was used in this way during the subjugation of the American Indian and probably other native communities (200), but the present widespread epizootics of myxomatosis are providing the first opportunity to employ modern methods of epidemiological research to trace out the natural history of a disease without the complication of attempts to protect the host. In Australia the only interference to the natural evolution of host-parasite relationship has been the repeated introduction of virulent myxoma virus. This thesis presents and laboratory observations of the behaviour of the disease, and the response by the host, during the first five years of myxomatosis in Australia.
Open Access
The development of the Australian wool market, 1840-1900
(1956) Barnard, Alan
The growth of the pastoral industry is usually accepted as a major feature in Australian history. Socially and politically the importance of the industry is, perhaps, clear enough: wool was probably the main influence which, in the eighteen-twenties and thirties, led to the break-down of the panel system and the triumph of free Australian enterprise; wool was an important source of political influence throughout the nineteenth century and the focus for a large part of government legislation and administrative action; wool was the chief means of the successful spread of colonial settlement and the pattern of the settlement, based on a highly profitable pastoral industry, has a basic influence on the character of Australian urban development, communication systems and service occupations. The contributions of the pastoral industry to Australian economic development can too easily be misunderstood. Wool did not produce an overwhelming part of Australia's national income and provided, probably, an even smaller part of Australian employment. Directly, it produced a substantial demand for investible funds and was an important avenue for private capital formation. Its outstanding place in the Australian economy of the nineteenth century arose from its dominating position as an export commodity. The growth of a large, highly profitable export industry encouraged a related growth of services, not only in the form of transport and personal services but also of highly specialised banking and marketing agencies. <…>
Open Access
Forgery of archaic Chinese bronze inscriptions : a preliminary investigation of the extent of forgery amongst inscribed bronze ritual vessels of the Western Chou period
(1956) Barnard, Noel
This survey is written primarily as a record of my investigations on the authenticity of the bronze inscriptions of western Chou for examination as a doctoral thesis; the research involved covers a period of less than two years full-time study of the problems and is still in progress. Final assessment of the nature and the extent of forgery will not be possible for some time, thus the present paper must be regarded only as a preliminary survey of particular aspects of the study. A selection has been made of those items which I consider to be of special significance in indicating the urgency for a complete and through investigation of the bronze inscriptions of ancient China; several statement and conclusions presented in the following treatise are therefore necessarily of a tentative kind and may require certain modification or, perhaps, complete reassessment during the next few years as more archaeological documents are unearthed. Certain results of the survey are, however, not only conclusive but also are of considerable importance in the determination of forgery. The thesis may be summed up in a few words: Amongst the general body of bronze inscriptions numerous inscribed vessels, hitherto accepted as genuine, are actually forgeries of comparatively recent manufacture; the basic criterion of forgery established is one heretofore unknown to forgers and to scholars alike and is here revealed for the first time and its application carefully expounded. Other features which I believe to be indicative of spurious inscriptions are analysed throughout nearly 1,000 bronze texts and their possible value as criteria of fraudulence is considered. <…>
Open Access
Aspects of Australian family structure : a field study of a sample of urban families
(1956) Fallding, Harold
The aim of the study is to give a specifically sociological account of a sample of 38 Sydney families, the sample being made up of 18 tradesmen's families and 20 professional workers; thereby contributing sociological data to the growing fund of knowledge on Australian families. I say the data are distinctively sociological, because I understand sociology to have its own subject matter which sets it apart from neighbouring disciplines, such as psychology, demography and political science. I accept as its field that which Durkheim defined for it, Viz. behaviour governed by rule or principled behaviour. The roles that articulate into social structures and the values that guide individuals toward their chosen satisfactions are the two main orders of data in this field, and the description of families is made mainly in terms of them. To this are added certain assumptions about motivation, and the members of the families are taken to be motivated in their strivings by needs for security, freedom and a sense of identity. The study is not a survey, by which I mean that I was not aiming to make accurate estimates from a sample of the incidence of any traits in the wider population. On the other hand, it is not narrowly focused on a particular problem or hypothesis, but it aims to identify the important sociological factors about the families and, if possible, to develop some hypothesis about the connections between them. However, as it is inevitable that some wider application of the findings should be possible, and in order to check on the level of confidence with which any hypothesis can be entertained, care was taken in selecting the families to avoid bias and some simple tests of statistical significance are made. Such tests have to be abandoned, though, in the more complex part of the analysis, which deals with clusterings of many factors in small numbers of cases. I collected the material by visiting the families at home, each one being visited for at least four full evenings, and I had dinner with a number of them. During these visits I had group interviews with the assembled family as well as individual interviews with all of the members. Comparable date were sought for all families by following a schedule, although much of it was not sought by questioning but non-directively, by allowing informal discussion to wander where it would. I was able to supplement information collected in this way by a certain amount of direct observation of the ways members reacted to one another.