ANU Research Publications

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/1885/26

The Australian National University's Research Publications collection is an online location for collecting, preserving and disseminating the scholarly output of the University. This service allows members of the University to share their research with the wider community. ANU Open Research accepts journal articles, conference papers, book chapters, working or technical papers and other forms of scholarly communication.

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 114326

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His retirement or Hers? Retirement and wellbeing within families
(The Australian National University, 2007) Butterworth, Peter; Rodgers, Bryan
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Factors associated with relationship dissolution of Australian families with children
(Commonwealth of Australia, 2008) Butterworth, Peter; Oz, Tamar; Rodgers, Bryan; Berry, Helen
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Intergenerational reliance on income support: psychosocial factors and their measurement
(Australian Government Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, 2007) Berry, Helen; George, Emma; Butterworth, Peter; Rodgers, Bryan; Davidson (previously Caldwell), Tanya
Social Policy Research Paper No 31 - Interngenerational reliance on income support: psychosocial factors and their measurement.
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Achieving haemostasis in thrombocytopenia in remote settings: an in vitro comparison of frozen and lyophilized products
(SIMTI Servizi, 2023) Crispin, Philip; Coupland, Lucy; Gardiner, Elizabeth
Background - Platelet concentrates have a limited shelf life due to room temperature storage and therefore, are not kept in regional centres where turnover is low. Cryopreserved platelets have been proposed as an alternative to platelet transfusion in austere circumstances and fibrinogen concentrate has improved thromboelastometry parameters in thrombocytopenia. This study compared the ability of stored haemostatic products and platelets to correct thromboelastometry parameters in thrombocytopenia. Materials and methods - Blood from eight patients with severe thrombocytopenia was combined with platelet concentrates, cryoprecipitate, fibrinogen concentrate, factor VIII, factor XIII and cryopreserved platelets in ratios equivalent to transfusion. Tissue factor initiated thromboelastometry (EXTEM) was compared between the products. Results - EXTEM amplitude at 20 minutes (A20) improved by 13.1 mm with platelets (p<0.01). The 5mm increase in A20 seen with cryoprecipitate (p=0.06) was not statistically different from platelets (p=0.19). No improvement in A20 was observed with cryopreserved platelets or factor concentrates. EXTEM clotting times (CT) improved with cryopreserved platelets (19.4 s, p=0.001) and cryoprecipitate (24.1 s, p<0.05), but not fibrinogen, and both were superior to platelets (9.9 s, p<0.05). Clotting concentrates did not improve EXTEM parameters although further studies suggested the improvement in A20 was largely driven by higher fibrinogen concentrations in cryoprecipitate. Discussion - These results suggest that cryopreserved platelets enhance clot initiation but do not contribute to clot strength in thrombocytopenia. When platelets are not available for transfusion, cryoprecipitate may be of value, however this requires further clinical studies.
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PERSAGI (Persatuan Ahli-Ahli Gambar Indonesia)
(Routledge, 2016) Sambrani, Chaitanya; Kolocotroni, Vassiliki
PERSAGI is the acronym for Persatuan Ahli-Ahli Gambar Indonesia (Union of Indonesian Painters, or to be more precise, Union of Indonesian Drawers). Founded by S. Sudjojono (1913–1986) and Agus Djaja (1913–1994) in October 1938, PERSAGI is widely understood to have played a major role in the development of modernism in Indonesian art. While there was no binding style linking the individual artists, they were all in search of a new art that was both distinctively national and intensely individual. Sudjojono’s influence as critic and artist was profound, and served to define a modernist—as well as nationalist—tenor in the Indonesian art of the 1940s and beyond. In terms of its importance to Indonesian modernism, it is significant that PERSAGI was formed a decade after Bahasa Indonesia was declared the national language. It was in 1928 that young nationalists in the then-Dutch East Indies led by Sukarno issued the Youth Declaration, proclaiming a unified nation with one motherland, one people, and one language. The artists of PERSAGI saw themselves as cultural workers within this nascent nation-state, making them part of a broad socialist-nationalist front aimed at the creation of a new national consciousness out of the inheritance of a colonial past. They also sought divergence from the deeper histories that divided this archipelagic country with its vast geography and a variety of ethnic, religious, and linguistic differences.
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The life satisfaction approach to estimating the costs of crime: An individual's implicit willingness-to-pay for crime reduction
(Griffith University, 2012) Ambrey, Christopher L; Fleming, Christopher Mark; Manning, Matthew
This paper is motivated by the need to develop an improved model for estimating the intangible costs of crime. Such a model will assist policy makers and criminal justice researchers to compare the costs and benefits of crime control policies. We demonstrate how the life satisfaction approach may be used to measure an individual’s willingness-to-pay for crime reduction. Results indicate that property crime in one’s local area detracts from an individual’s life satisfaction. On average, an individual is implicitly willing-to-pay $3,213 in terms of annual household income to decrease the annual level of property crime by one offence per 1000 residents in their local area. This equates to a per-capita willingness-to-pay of $1,236.
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The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast envelope protein LCIA transports bicarbonate in planta
(Oxford University Press, 2023) Foerster, Britta; Rourke, Loraine; Weerasooriya, Hiruni N.; Pabuayon, Isaiah CM; Rolland, Vivien; Au, Eng Kee; Bala, Soumi; Bajsa-Hirschel, Joanna; Kaines, Sarah; Kasili, Remmy W.; LaPlace, Lillian; Machingura, Marylou; Massey, Baxter; Rosati, Viviana; Stuart-Williams, Hilary; Badger, Murray; Price, Dean; Moroney, James V.
LCIA (low CO2-inducible protein A) is a chloroplast envelope protein associated with the CO2-concentrating mechanism of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. LCIA is postulated to be a HCO3– channel, but previous studies were unable to show that LCIA was actively transporting bicarbonate in planta. Therefore, LCIA activity was investigated more directly in two heterologous systems: an Escherichia coli mutant (DCAKO) lacking both native carbonic anhydrases and an Arabidopsis mutant (βca5) missing the plastid carbonic anhydrase βCA5. Neither DCAKO nor βca5 can grow in ambient CO2 conditions, as they lack carbonic anhydrase-catalyzed production of the necessary HCO3– concentration for lipid and nucleic acid biosynthesis. Expression of LCIA restored growth in both systems in ambient CO2 conditions, which strongly suggests that LCIA is facilitating HCO3– uptake in each system. To our knowledge, this is the first direct evidence that LCIA moves HCO3– across membranes in bacteria and plants. Furthermore, the βca5 plant bioassay used in this study is the first system for testing HCO3– transport activity in planta, an experimental breakthrough that will be valuable for future studies aimed at improving the photosynthetic efficiency of crop plants using components from algal CO2-concentrating mechanisms.
Open Access
How activists are using Facebook in Myanmar for Democratic ends, but Facebook itself also facilitated hate speech
(LSE, 2021) Wells, Tamas; Deejay, Aleks
At varying times over the past 15 years, Facebook and other social media sites have been idealised by pundits, media, Western governments, and the tech industry as a tool catalysing democratic change during periods of political unrest in authoritarian countries. The events of the Arab Spring, in particular, propelled social media to the front lines of global attention as a potential democratising tool.
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Right to self-determination and land rights must be central in struggle for a Just Recovery
(Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, 2021) Dhamai, Binota
The Army Welfare Trust and the Sikder Group, a family-owned business conglomerate with global investments, are planning to develop a 5-star resort and amusement park in Bangladesh. This proposed development threatens the ancestral land of the Mro Indigenous Peoples. The Army Welfare Trust and the Sikder Group did not organise consultations or obtain consent from those affected. If this project goes ahead, at least 10,000 Mro Indigenous farmers/cultivators will be at risk of eviction and displacement. Human rights organisations and UN experts have joined the call of the Mro Indigenous Peoples to halt this project and uphold human rights and environmental well-being over corporate profits. However, the Mro Indigenous Peoples remain at serious risk. And they are not alone.
Open Access
Innovative financing for a gender-equitable first-food system to mitigate greenhouse gas impacts of commercial milk formula: investing in breastfeeding as a carbon offset
(Frontiers Research Foundation, 2023) Smith, Julie; Borg, Bindi; Iellamo, Alessandro; Nguyen, Tuan; Mathisen, Roger
Women’s contributions to food production and food security are often overlooked, thus perpetuating inequitable and unsustainable globalized commercial food systems. Women’s role as producers in the first-food system, breastfeeding, is largely invisible and underfunded, encouraging the production and consumption of environmentally unsustainable commercial milk formula (CMF). This policy brief highlights opportunities for including and funding interventions enabling breastfeeding under carbon offset schemes such as the United Nations Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). A Green Feeding Tool is being developed to account for the national carbon and water footprints of CMF. The tool will help ensure that women’s contributions to a sustainable first-food system are not ignored by the CDM and other mechanisms funding greenhouse gas emissions reductions.
Open Access
Supply and demand - A health economic perspective on the Australian hospital and elective surgery crisis
(Australian Hospital Association, 2023) Looi, Jeffrey; Allison, Stephen; Bastiampillai, Tarun; Kisely, Stephen R; Robson, Stephen
The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to longstanding structural shortfalls in the supply of healthcare services in high-income countries, including Australia. These impacts are reflected in Australian public hospital key performance indicators for acute care, elective surgery and hospital exit block. The challenges occur in the context of increased demand following the suspension of a range of healthcare services during the pandemic. The main supply challenge is suitable numbers of skilled healthcare workers. Rebalancing of supply and demand in healthcare is challenging, but needs to be achieved.
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Pandemic pressures on Australian retail workers
(Asia & the Pacific Policy Society, 2021-11-25) Vromen, Ariadne; Lipton, Briony; Cooper, Rae; Foley, Meraiah; Rutledge-Prior, Serrin
Since the pandemic hit, retail workers have faced job insecurity, customer abuse, and increased stress from enforcing COVID-19 rules – a new report confirms that young, women, casual, and linguistically diverse workers were most affected, Ariadne Vromen, Briony Lipton, Rae Cooper, Meraiah Foley, and Serrin Rutledge-Prior write.
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Globalization, Poverty, and Income Inequality: Insights from Indonesia
(University of British Columbia (UBC) Press, 2021-11-15) Barichello, Richard; Patunru, Arianto; Schwindt, Richard
Open Access
Participatory systems science for enhancing health and wellbeing in the Indian Ocean territories
(Frontiers, 2023) Allender, Steven; Munira, Liza; Bourke, Siobhan; Lancsar, Emily
Objectives: Co-creation of diabetes and obesity prevention with remote communities allows local contextual factors to be included in the design, delivery, and evaluation of disease prevention efforts. The Indian Ocean Territories (IOT) comprise the Christmas (CI) and Cocos Keeling Islands (CKI) and are remote Australian external territories located northwest of the mainland. We present results of a co-design process conducted with residents of IOT using realist inquiry and system mapping. Methods: Interviews with 33 community members (17 CI, 14 CKI, 2 off Islands) on causes and outcomes of diabetes (2020/21) comprising community representatives, health services staff, dietitians, school principals and government administrators. Interviews were used to create causal loop diagrams representing the causes of diabetes in the IOT. These diagrams were used in a participatory process to identify existing actions to address diabetes, identify areas where more effort would be valuable in preventing diabetes, and to described and prioritize actions based on feasibility and likely impact. Findings: Interviews identified 31 separate variables categorized into four themes (structural, food, knowledge, physical activity). Using causa loop diagrams, community members developed 32 intervention ideas that included strengthening healthy behaviors like physical activity, improving access to healthy and culturally appropriate foods, and overcoming the significant cost and availability limitations imposed by remoteness and freight costs. Interventions included relatively unique Island issues (e.g., freight costs, limited delivery timing), barriers to healthy food (e.g., limited fresh food availability), physical activity (e.g., transient workforce) and knowledge (e.g., multiple cultural backgrounds and language barriers, intergenerational knowledge).
Open Access
Kintsugi: Comprehensive repair of Australia's fractured psychiatric care system
(Sage Publications Inc, 2023) Looi, Jeffrey; Bastiampillai, Tarun; Allison, Stephen; Kisely, Steve
Objective: We provide an update of the current challenges facing public and private psychiatric care sector in Australia, contextualised by international and national information on factors affecting health system performance. Conclusions: There are practical and sustainable repairs that may bridge the gaps between primary care, private psychiatrists, and the public psychiatric system. These are based upon foundations of better linkages, adequate infrastructure, improved social support, and reforming public and private sector workplaces to retain healthcare workers despite pandemic-related attrition. Professional organisations need to redouble their efforts as advocates to governments, in the media matrix, and the general public.
Open Access
Lost Talent? The Occupational Ambitions and Attainments of young Australians
(National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER), 2011) Sikora, Joanna; Saha, Lawrence
Given ongoing interest in increasing productivity and participation in the workforce, understanding when talent is lost is a useful exercise. The term 'lost talent' describes the underutilisation or wastage of human potential. Focusing on young people, Sikora and Saha define lost talent as occurring when students in the top 50% of academic achievement lower their educational or occupational expectations or fail to achieve their educational or occupational plans. Using data spanning a ten-year period from the 1998 cohort of the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth (LSAY98), the authors examine academic achievement in Year 9, educational and occupational expectations while at school, and educational and occupational attainment by age 25 years to determine the extent to which talent loss is occurring. The general relationships between occupational expectations and attainment are also examined to see whether ambitious career plans lead to higher-status employment.
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Beyond the Gap: towards a more comprehensive structuring of hearing services
(ENT News, 2010-04-06) Hogan, Edward Anthony; Byrne, Donald; Reynolds, Kate
Open Access
Exploring the barriers and enablers of diabetes care in a remote Australian context: A qualitative study
(Public Library of Science, 2023) Bourke, Siobhan; Munira, Liza; Parkinson, Anne; Lancsar, Emily; Desborough, Jane
Objective This qualitative study explored the current barriers and enablers of diabetes care in the Indian Ocean Territories (IOT). Methods A constructivist grounded theory approach that incorporated semi-structured telephone interviews was employed. Initial analysis of the interview transcripts used a line-by-line approach, to identify recurring themes, connections, and patterns, before they were re-labelled and categorised. This was followed by axial coding, categorisation refinement, and mapping of diabetes triggers in the IOT. Participants and setting The IOT, consisting of Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, are some of the most remote areas in Australia. When compared with mainland Australia, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the IOT is disproportionately higher. There were no known cases of type 1 diabetes at the time of the study. Like other remote communities, these communities experience difficulties in accessing health services to prevent and manage diabetes. Twenty health care professionals and health service administrators in the IOT took part in semi-structured telephone interviews held during April-June 2020. Participants included GPs, nurses, dietitians, social and community services workers, school principals, and administrators. The interview questions focused on their perceptions of the current diabetes care in place in the IOT and their views on the challenges of providing diabetes care in the IOT. Results We identified four main barriers and two main enabling factors to the provision of effective diabetes care in the IOT. The barriers were: (i) societal influences; (ii) family; (iii) changing availability of food; (v) sustainability and communication. The two main enablers were: (i) tailoring interventions to meet local and cultural needs and values; and (ii) proactive compliance with the medical model of care. Conclusion Due to the cultural and linguistic diversity within the IOT, many of the identified barriers and enablers are unique to this community and need to be considered and incorporated into routine diabetes care to ensure successful and effective delivery of services in a remote context.
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Voluntary Assisted Dying for (Some) Residents Only: Have States Infringed s 117 of the Constitution?
(Melbourne University Law Review Association, 2022) DEL VILLAR, KATRINE; Simpson, Amelia
All six Australian states have passed laws which now permit (or will, once commenced, permit) voluntary assisted dying ('VAD') in limited circumstances. One controversial feature of all these schemes is that access is restricted to patients who have been resident in the providing state for at least 12 months. We consider the possible justifications for this restricted access and, ultimately, whether it can be reconciled with s 117 of the Australian Constitution, which proscribes discrimination on the basis of out-of-state residence. We find that while excluding non-residents from VAD schemes may be proportionate to non-discriminatory policy goals, the exclusion of new residents of a state is harder to defend and leaves these laws open to constitutional challenge.
Open Access
Characterizing Pulsars Detected in the Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey
(Institute of Physics Publishing, 2023) Anumarlapudi, Akash; Ehlke, Anna; Jones, Megan; Kaplan, David; Dobie, Dougal; Lenc, Emil; Leung, James K.; Murphy, Tara; Pritchard, Joshua; Stewart, Adam J.; Sengar, Rahul; Anderson, Craig; Banfield, Julie
We present the detection of 661 known pulsars observed with the Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) telescope at 888 MHz as part of the Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey (RACS). Detections were made through astrometric coincidence and we estimate the false alarm rate of our sample to be ∼0.5%. Using archival data at 400 and 1400 MHz, we estimate the power-law spectral indices for the pulsars in our sample and find that the mean spectral index is −1.78 � 0.6. However, we also find that a single power law is inadequate for modeling all the observed spectra. With the addition of flux densities between 150 MHz and 3 GHz from various imaging surveys, we find that up to 40% of our sample show deviations from a simple power-law model. Using Stokes V measurements from the RACS data, we measured the circular polarization fraction for 9% of our sample and find that the mean polarization fraction is ∼10% (consistent between detections and upper limits). Using the dispersion-measure-derived distance, we estimate the pseudo-luminosity of the pulsars and do not find any strong evidence for a correlation with the pulsars� intrinsic properties.

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