ANU Research Publications

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/1885/26

The Australian National University's Research Publications collection is an online location for collecting, preserving and disseminating the scholarly output of the University. This service allows members of the University to share their research with the wider community. ANU Open Research accepts journal articles, conference papers, book chapters, working or technical papers and other forms of scholarly communication.

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JAK2 V617F impairs hematopoietic stem cell function in a conditional knock-in mouse model of JAK2 V617F-positive essential thrombocythemia
(2010-09-02) Li, Juan; Spensberger, Dominik; Ahn, Jong Sook; Anand, Shubha; Beer, Philip A.; Ghevaert, Cedric; Chen, Edwin; Forrai, Ariel; Scott, Linda M.; Ferreira, Rita; Campbell, Peter J.; Watson, Steve P.; Liu, Pentao; Erber, Wendy N.; Huntly, Brian J.P.; Ottersbach, Katrin; Green, Anthony R.
The JAK2 V617F mutation is found in most patients with a myeloproliferative neoplasm and is sufficient to produce a myeloproliferative phenotype in murine retroviral transplantation or transgenic models. However, several lines of evidence suggest that disease phenotype is influenced by the level of mutant JAK2 signaling, and we have therefore generated a conditional knock-in mouse in which a human JAK2 V617F is expressed under the control of the mouse Jak2 locus. Human and murine Jak2 transcripts are expressed at similar levels, and mice develop modest increases in hemoglobin and platelet levels reminiscent of human JAK2 V617F-positive essential thrombocythemia. The phenotype is transplantable and accompanied by increased terminal erythroid and megakaryocyte differentiation together with increased numbers of clonogenic progenitors, including erythropoietin-independent erythroid colonies. Unexpectedly, JAK2 V617F mice develop reduced numbers of lineage-Sca-1 +c-Kit+ cells, which exhibit increased DNA damage, reduced apoptosis, and reduced cell cycling. Moreover, competitive bone marrow transplantation studies demonstrated impaired hematopoietic stem cell function in JAK2V617F mice. These results suggest that the chronicity of human myeloproliferative neoplasms may reflect a balance between impaired hematopoietic stem cell function and the accumulation of additional mutations.
Access status: Open Access ,
Medicare-reimbursed youth telepsychiatry in Australia during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: a descriptive analysis
(2026) Bordia, Veera; Woon, Luke Sy Cherng; Kisely, Steve; Bastiampillai, Tarun; Allison, Stephen; Looi, Jeffrey C.L.
Objective: To investigate the role of telehealth in youth psychiatry during and after the pandemic in Australia. Methods: We analysed Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) item number data for psychiatry services provided to patients aged 0–24 years, from 2017 to 2022. We analysed total services (in-person and telehealth) from 2017 to 2022, determining provision before and during the pandemic. We also analysed changes to use of each modality during the pandemic. Finally, we calculated the use of each modality in 2022, when COVID-19 restrictions had eased. Results: Youth psychiatry service provision steadily increased prior to the pandemic (2017–2019). Larger increases were seen during the pandemic, with 15.3% increase between 2019 and 2020, and 9.7% increase between 2020 and 2021. After the introduction of telepsychiatry MBS item numbers, in-person services decreased from 71.3% to 63% between 2020 and 2022. Video-telepsychiatry increased from 15.7% to 26.4% between 2020 and 2022, and telephone-telepsychiatry decreased from 13% to 10.6%. In 2022, most consultations were in-person, but video-telepsychiatry was higher than ever despite fewer COVID-19 restrictions. Conclusions: Telepsychiatry was well-received by young people during the pandemic and should remain an option to improve access to youth psychiatry in post-pandemic times.
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Comrades in arms, or comrades in angst? Interest convergence, regime security, and the Vietnam factor in Cambodia’s and Laos’ relations with China
(2025-01-01) Boon, Hoo Tiang; To, Minh Son
Cambodia and Laos are often perceived as the states most geo-politically aligned with China in Southeast Asia. By engaging indigenous sources, we dive deeper into this claim through a comparative approach in this article. Parsing two primary parameters for comparisons—the degree of interest convergence and sources of regime security in Cambodia and Laos—it is argued that even as Phnom Penh and Vientiane both maintain largely China-friendly policies and positions, they also differ in their degree of tilt toward Beijing, with Laos pursuing a relatively more careful and calibrated approach toward its neighboring giant. This distinction can be explained by the relative difference in both countries’ calculations on Vietnam, an intervening factor that affects their management of asymmetry with China.
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Closing the budget of 20th century true polar wander
(2025-08-01) Ghelichkhan, Sia; Hoggard, Mark J.; Richards, Fred D.; Chan, Ngai Ham; Creveling, Jessica R.; Moore, Kimberley M.; Mitrovica, Jerry X.
We revisit the budget of 20th century true polar wander (~1°/Myr in the direction of 70°W) using a state-of-the-art adjoint-based reconstruction of mantle convective flow and predictions of ongoing glacial isostatic adjustment that adopt two independent models of Pleistocene ice history. Both calculations are based on a mantle viscosity profile that simultaneously fits a suite of data sets related to glacial isostatic adjustment (Fennoscandian Relaxation Spectrum, post-glacial decay times) and a set of present-day observations associated with mantle convection (long-wavelength gravity-anomalies, plate motions, excess ellipticity of the core-mantle boundary). Our predictions reconcile both the magnitude and direction of the observed true polar wander rate, with convection and glacial isostatic adjustment contributing signals that are 25-30 per cent and ~75 per cent of the observed rate, respectively. The former assumes that large-scale seismic velocity heterogeneities are purely thermal in origin, and we argue that our estimate of the convection signal likely represents an upper bound due to the neglect of hypothesized compositional variations within the large low-shear velocity provinces in the deep mantle.
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Review article: The State of Central Asian Studies: An Overview of Recent Books
(1994) Foltz, Richard
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A strategic foreign policy nexus: The case of Ceylon and the United Kingdom in the backdrop of India's rise
(2017) De Silva, Shakthi Vibodha
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Sri Lanka’s ties with India and China: Appraising the need for a ‘balanced’ foreign policy
(2017) De Silva, Shakthi Vibodha
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Pandemic prevention begins at home
(2024-05-22) Talwar, Amish; Katz, Rebecca; Kirk, Martyn; Housen, Tambri
Proposed amendments to the International Health Regulations could enable timely outbreak reporting at the local level.
Access status: Open Access ,
Barriers and facilitators of infectious disease outbreak reporting: a One Health scoping review
(2024-09-25) Talwar, Amish; Sayeed, Md Abu; Housen, Tambri; Katz, Rebecca; Kirk, Martyn D.
Background: Addressing the barriers to outbreak reporting is critical to prevent future outbreaks from becoming epidemics or pandemics. As most emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in origin, this requires understanding the barriers affecting both the human and animal health sectors. However, previous reviews of outbreak reporting barriers have only looked at barriers with respect to humans or animals independently. Therefore, we undertook a One Health approach to holistically understand the impact of outbreak reporting barriers across the human health, animal health, and environmental sectors. Methods: We conducted a scoping review of the peer-reviewed and grey literature to identify barriers and facilitators for outbreak reporting affecting human health, animal health, and the environment. We selected studies that identified discrete barriers or facilitators at the subnational, national, and international levels using quantitative research, qualitative research, mixed methods, or reviews. We extracted information on publication information, barriers, and facilitators, and we thematically summarised our findings. Results: Among 5,177 records examined, we selected 151 matched parameters for data abstraction and analysis. The most employed methodology was qualitative (56 studies), and the East Asia and Pacific (43 studies) and Sub-Saharan Africa (40 studies) regions were the most studied. Only 45 studies evaluated outbreak reporting with respect to a specific disease. Identified outbreak reporting barriers and facilitators fell under three major themes: technical; economic, political, and bureaucratic; and behavioural and social. We found substantial evidence for technical barriers to outbreak reporting across all regions and sectors and resistance to reporting among agricultural producers. However, evidence for additional barriers, particularly barriers to environmental reporting, is more limited. Conclusions: This study affirms the importance of building countries' technical capacity to report outbreaks. However, it also indicates the need to sensitize reporters and government officials on the importance of outbreak reporting. A comprehensive understanding of the full breadth of outbreak reporting barriers and facilitators across human health, animal health, and the environment otherwise remains incomplete, with critical implications for ongoing and future outbreaks. Future studies should endeavour to fill these gaps in the evidence base as part of an integrated One Health strategy to improve the outbreak reporting process.
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ACT Asbestos Health Study: Cross Sectional Survey Report.
(2016) Kirk, Martyn; Batterham, Phil; Clements, Mark S; Armstrong, Bruce K.; Trevenar, Sue; Welsh, Jenny; Korda, Rosemary
Access status: Open Access ,
Analysing the structure of antibodies using circular dichroism with an antibody augmented reference set and the algorithm SELCON
(2026) Hoffmann, Soren Vronning; Bruque, Maria G.; Jones, Nykola C.; Rodger, Alison; Aucamp, Jean; Dafforn, Tim R.; Thomas, Owen R. T.
Proper folding of therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs is key to their efficacy and safety. Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is well suited for investigating the secondary structure of proteins, but the adequacy of the technique for antibody molecules has been severely impacted by the lack of suitable CD reference sets that include spectra of proteins of similar structure. Here we report on the performance of an expanded reference set that includes CD spectra of 14 mAbs, and uses structures derived from homology models. This enhanced reference set is part of a freely available Python-based software package, SSCalcPy-mAb, that includes the new SP-mAb178 reference set for secondary structure analysis using the SELCON3 method. We propose to employ both the secondary structure analysis results and a generated list of the proteins in the reference set that SELCON3 applies to derive the results that ascertain whether an antibody of interest is well-folded or not.
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Decrypting Sri Lanka’s ‘black box’ amidst an Indo–China ‘great game'
(2020) De Silva, Shakthi Vibodha
Competition is a natural byproduct of major powers navigating an anarchic world. Small states operating in such a milieu however, face a dilemma when strategizing their foreign policy. At present, two regional behemoths – India and China – remain locked in a Realpolitik affray as they vie for influence by enticing and attracting South Asian states through economic, security and diplomatic initiatives. How do these structural dynamics impact Sri Lanka’s policymaking process? Moreover, has the island been able to mount a timely and appropriate response to structural dictates? In what way has domestic variables influenced and channeled policy preferences in Sri Lanka since 2015? By adopting a Neoclassical Realist frame of analysis, this paper appraises the impact made by the external environment and domestic intervening variables on the island’s foreign policy trajectory. It concludes that domestic intervening variables drew the island away from optimal choices in its relations with India and China.
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Mutual learning among Asian civilizations and building a community with a shared future for mankind: A Sri Lankan perspective
(Springer, 2023) De Silva, Shakthi Vibodha; De Silva, Radhika
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Sri Lanka and the Gulf
(Taylor & Francis, 2023) De Silva, Shakthi Vibodha; Vochelet, Robin
Using the regional security complex theory (RSCT) framework, this chapter examines parallels between Sri Lanka and the Gulf states, Iran and Israel (GII) in their attempt to securitise issues encompassing migration, terrorism and climate change. The grounds for comparison outlined in the first section broadly outline the shared cultural, trade and migratory ties between both regions throughout history. While this chapter presents efforts in Sri Lanka and across the GII to frame climate change as a serious issue with a potential to affect livelihoods, there is still an uneven degree of politicisation—let alone securitisation—which fails to address the issue as a distinctive security threat. This chapter establishes more similarities in the way Sri Lanka and the GII states have approached terrorism, which is an important concern across those countries. Nonetheless, this chapter concludes that country-level responses to terrorism differ, with some stopping at mere politicisation while others ventured into more pronounced securitisation.
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HVAC Smart Predictive Maintenance Using Machine Learning and Bayesian Network
(2026) Kridalukmana, Rinta; Elgharabawy, Ayman; Ramezani , Fahimeh; Naderpour, Mohsen; A. Syafei , Wahyul
Smart Predictive Maintenance (SPM) features for the building's Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system are crucial for reducing energy consumption, improving scheduling, and detecting potential problems. Popular approaches, such as Machine Learning (ML) and probabilistic methods, are employed for SPM. These methods can be considered forward inference. However, since numerous interdependent HVAC components are involved, SPM requires not only forward but also backward inference (diagnostic capabilities). Given that such abilities have been underexplored, the present study proposes an SPM-based HVAC monitoring system that combines ML and Bayesian Network (BN). While ML is used to predict the status of the HVAC components, BN performs the diagnostic tasks. A case study was conducted at the Sydney Aquarium in Australia to demonstrate the implementation of the proposed approach. The ML model, trained using the Simple Logistic Regression (SLR) method, achieved an accuracy of 0.99, higher than the 0.92 obtained by using the Decision Tree (DT) and Logistic Regression (LR) methods. Furthermore, the BN was used to diagnose and estimate the probability of a component's performance degradation if another component was problematic. Among the key benefits of this proposed system is its potential to enhance operators' understanding of problems with HVAC systems.
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Unpacking Australia’s China ‘threat’ discourse: A Constructivist approach
(Taylor & Francis, 2025) De Silva, Shakthi Vibodha
While most scholarship on great power contestations relies on a Realist framework that focuses on military and economic power and treats states as rational actors seeking to maximise gains in an anarchic international system, Constructivist theory offers a different perspective. Constructivist contributions to international relations theory show how material variables—such as military and economic power—acquire meaning only within a social context, as they interact with historical legacies, cultural norms, and other ideational factors. An understanding of how material variables interact with ideational variables to determine states’ interests can yield better insights into how threat perceptions take form. Adopting a constructivist approach, this chapter sheds light on Australia’s threat perceptions of China through a discourse analysis of various primary sources such as speeches of Australian policymakers, Government White Papers, and public opinion polls, from the period between 2003 and 2023. The chapter uncovers a heightened threat perception of China—particularly from 2016 onwards—stemming from Australia’s view of China’s behaviour in the South China and East China Seas, its attitude towards international norms, its engagement in the Pacific, and its recent violations of multilateral trade rules and coercive economic measures imposed on Australia. The chapter concludes with several policy recommendations for Canberra: while Australia may benefit from its membership in the Quad and AUKUS in the long run, it is imperative to preserve its ongoing political and economic relationship with China. Achieving this requires Australia to engage in a delicate tightrope balance.
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Making Sense of the Haze: Hedging and its Attributes
(2020) De Silva, Shakthi Vibodha
Tensions and competitive rivalry underpinning the Sino-American bilateral relationship has led to an increasingly turbulent and uncertain international environment. The scramble to avoid a binary choice between the United States or China has influenced several small and medium powers to adopt a Hedging foreign policy. But what does Hedging imply? What are its characteristics and how does one distinguish between Hedging and other types of foreign policies? In an increasingly interconnected and interdependent world, connectivity and amity with all great powers is essential for the survival of small and medium powers. Many scholars agree that Hedging is a preferable foreign policy option in this milieu because it facilitates close partnerships with great powers. However, it is imperative that clear boundaries are established between Hedging and other foreign policy approaches which also underscore friendly relations. Vague and catch-all definitions which solely accentuate “connectivity” and “robust relations with all great powers” undermine the analytical rigour of scholarship on foreign policy and cast a shadow of doubt regarding the meaning and characteristics of this approach. To this end, this article conducts a review of how Hedging has been defined and applied by scholars. By doing so, it helps distil the key attributes of Hedging and contributes to scholarly efforts to develop a precise definition of a Hedging foreign policy. The surveyed data for this research is largely restricted to secondary literature on the foreign policies of Southeast Asian and South Asian States.
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Bringing agency back in: Disentangling the complexities of Sri Lanka’s default
(Taylor & Francis, 2025) De Silva, Shakthi Vibodha
This chapter investigates the primary cause behind the economic default of Sri Lanka in April 2022, challenging the predominant epistemological narratives that trace the crisis to external factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the alleged Chinese debt trap. It argues that while these exogenous variables may have exacerbated the situation, the primary cause for the island’s default was the flawed policies adopted by Sri Lankan politicians. Having conclusively proven the role played by domestic policies, the chapter extends its analysis to the broader South Asian region, warning against the tendency to absolve local authorities who attribute economic crises to external factors/developments alone. By doing so, the chapter advocates for greater accountability and astute policymaking to mitigate the emergence of future crises. The case of Sri Lanka also serves as a cautionary tale for other peripheral South Asian economies, as the prevailing tendency to blame external actors, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), provides policymakers future opportunities to exploit the public’s remissness.
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(C)archeology: Car Turns Outs & Automobility
(2011) Zafiroglu, Alexandra; Bell, Genevieve; Healey, Jennifer
In this paper, we describe key findings from the Car Turn Outs project, Intel Corporation’s Interaction and Experience Research (IXR) Lab’s first exploratory ethnographic research about cars. We started with very simple questions: What is a car? What does it mean to own a car? To use one? To care for one? Spreading tarps next to cars, we asked drivers to unpack and explain the contents of their cars to us. We inventoried all of the items that people use, store, bring in and out, forget about, discard, rely on, transport, etc. in their cars. This exercise yielded insights on important activities, routines and social relationships that take place in/with/through/around/because of the car. These insights lead us to a further set of questions regarding automobility and inspired an expanded set of methods and theoretical perspectives from post-processual archaeology that we are deploying in the Local Experiences of Automobility (LEAM) Project.
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Norms and narratives: uncovering men’s hidden resistance to gender-sensitive parliaments in Fiji
(2026-03-18) Palmieri, Sonia

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