Islamophobia and anti-discrimination laws: ethnoreligion as a legal category in the UK and Australia

Abstract

Can a Muslim victim of discrimination on the grounds of religion obtain reparation? Though Islamophobia has been recognized as a specific discriminatory practice in the European Union and Australia, present legislations often do not recognize or recognize very restrictively, discrimination on the grounds of religion. And Muslim victims often cannot use anti-discrimination laws on the grounds of race and ethnicity as Islam is not recognized as an ‘ethno-religion’. The paper examines issues related to anti-Muslim discrimination in the European Union and including present efforts to enlarge anti-discrimination legal provisions.