Restricted Theses

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Squatting in New South Wales 1880-1905 : the pastoral finance company view
(Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1961) Cain, Neville G.
The following is an essay in one phase of Australian economic development; the advance of squatting into the more arid and unfamiliar regions of New South Wales and its subsequent retreat therefrom. It is an essay in the acquisition of Knowledge; the costs of that acquisition and the way in which they were shared by all involved in western squatting.
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A study of judgements of relative likelihood
(Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1964) Cook, Michael Lewis
This thesis is a study of the behaviour of a person using the terms 'likelihood', 'certainty','confidence', etc (collectively referred to as 'likelihood judgements’), in describing event s of uncertain outcome. The study is a psychophysical one in that, given that people may be observed to make statements involving these terms, consideration is given to the way these statements are determined by characteristics of the outcome judged. In general, the question of the meaning of the terms to the subject, is avoided and no reference is made to other forms of behaviour with respect to uncertain outcomes. In the first place, the behaviour of a person judging the likelihood of an isolated outcome is discussed. Consideration is given to methods that have been employed to 'scale' the judged likelihood of an outcome. Evidence is considered that the value of an outcome on the judged likelihood scale, is positively related to its mathematical probability. Consideration is then given to the practice of describing likelihood judgements in terms of 'psychological probability'. It is suggested that this usage is based on the practice in psychophysics, of describing a stimulus dimension and its judgemental correlate, as ’objective’ and ‘subjective’ aspects of the same dimension. In this case, psychological and mathematical probabilities would be best regarded as incommensurable. Consideration is then given to the behaviour of a person when asked to judge which of two uncertain outcomes is the more likely to occur. A number of terms and concepts are introduced for the description of patterns of such judgements. Consideration is given to the consequences of the occurrence of intransitivities in relative likelihood judgements. Finally, experimental evidence is reported, consistant with the conclusion that, for at least some people, such intransitivities do occur.
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A contrastive phonological and grammatical study of English and Vietnamese
(Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1966) Nguyen, Dang Liem
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Studies of phosphagens and phosphoryl group transfer
(Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1967) Morrison, John Francis
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The diffusion of scandium in magnesium oxide
(Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1972) Solaga, Cedomir
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Publications submitted for the degree of Doctor of Science in the Australian National University
(Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1972) Heyde, C. C
Open Access
Reserves of ability in Australian male youth : an exploratory study
(Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1973) Milligan, Bruce Clifford
This thesis is centred on an empirical study of reserves of ability among Australian male youth , using a technique adapted from the European research of Wolff and Harnqvist . The study is pitched at the level of the senior years of secondary schooling . A cross- sectional vi design is involved , the data being based on a sample of National Servicemen enlisted in the calendar year 1971 . The study is conceptualised within the issue of equality of educational opportunity . The main empirical focus is on the relationship between measures of social class , intellectual ability and educational attainment . The principal point of departure in the method of estimating reserves of ability is the use of the benchmark assumption that children of the higher social classes receive all the education that their abilities , interests and temperaments allow . This assumption has the effect of confining the discovery of reserves to the ranks of the lower social classes . The study investigates the extent of matriculation reserves among lower social class members of the sample . Estimates of reserves in the entire twenty- year- old male age group are then projected . Using the ratio of male to female senior secondary school enrolments , estimates are also made of the number of reserves in the corresponding female age group , and in the population age group as a whole . These generalisations are subject to limitations arising from problems of sampling and measurement and the study is regared as being essentially an exploratory one . Some implications of the approach used in the study for the mobilisation of reserves are discussed .
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Yuan sanqu : a study of the prosody and structure of Xiaoling contained in the Sanqu anthology Yangchun baixue compiled by Yang Chaoying
(Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1974) Radtke, Kurt Werner
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Publications submitted for the degree of Doctor of Science in the Australian National University.
(Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1974) Izumi, Masako
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Studies of biochemical genetic markers of blood and tissues in chickens and man
(Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1975) McDermid, Ernest Michael
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Atomic defect interactions in the solid state system magnesium oxide : scandium oxide
(Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1975) Solaga, Cedomir
A study of the mobility of trivalent scandium in monocrystalline magnesium oxide was supplemented with a spectroscopic investigation of MgO crystals and powders containing scandium.
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Studies in international organisation : the United Nations Organisation and the European Economic Community
(Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1976) Heathcote, Nina
My work has dealt with three themes: A. Peacekeeping and nation-building by the United Nations B. The inter-state politics of Western Europe, and the problems of integration in the European Economic Community C. Nuclear proliferation and British Commonwealth responsibilities in Asia and the Inda-Pacific region. I am not submitting papers on group C, since they are not clearly related to the other two themes . Each of the themes A and B includes an analysis of the relations between an international organisation and its member-states. One of the main objectives has been to determine whether and how far the Organisation has become, or may become in the future, an autonomous agent in international affairs. The question arose out of my interest in the nature of the modern nation-state, and the prospects of survival of the international system constituted by their power-political interactions.
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Scientific publications in physical and inorganic chemistry, 1967-1976: publications submitted for the degree of Doctor of Science in the Australian National University.
(Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1977) Martin, Raymond Leslie
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Statistical inference on lattices
(Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1977) Pickard, David Kenneth
In many scientific disciplines, there is frequently a need to describe purely spatial interactions among objects located at the sites of a lattice. Of particular interest are the equilibrium states of physical and biological phenomena occurring simultaneously at sites in more than one dimension (e.g. ferromagnetism, crystal formation, patterns of infection). Markov random fields form a wide class of intu.-itively appealing models for spatial interaction. Binary ones have been studied extensively in statistical mechanics where they are known as Ising models. In the biological and ecological context, it is the fitting of data and analysis of given patterns which is most relevant. Statistical inference for Markov random fields is a relatively new field. In particular, Ising models are notoriously difficult to analyse and the absence of constructive characterizations has rendered Monte Carlo simulation an ineffective tool for comparing various statistical techniques. This thesis provides a basis for asymptotic maximum likelihood inference for binary Markov random fields. The general method is illustrated by the detailed analysis of the classical Ising lattice with nearest neighbour interactions. However, the resulting limit theorems for this model are of considerable interest in their own right. Some rather surprising technical problems arise in connection with the application of the limit theorems. A solution is presented. Also, a class of relatively tractable Ising models, which admit constructive characterizations and direct simulation, is introduced in this thesis. The properties of these models are explored. In particular, they generally have a geometric correlation structure and contain embedded Markov chains. Moreover, they can further be used in simulation studies to compare the relative effectiveness of various methods of spatial analysis. Finally, although all the results are for binary models, the tools are useful in much wider generality. They apply, for example, to Gaussian Markov random fields as well.
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Collection of articles in supplication for the degree of Doctor of Science in the Australian National University
(Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1977) Bygrave, Fyfe L.
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Naturally occurring phenolic compounds and oxygen heterocycles
(Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1978) Elix, John Alan
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Structure and function in plant cells
(Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1978) Gunning, Brian E. S
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Statutory Interpretation in Australia : Delegated Legislation
(Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1978) Pearce, D. C.
Problem of interpretation. Parliaments and other bodies pour out a steady flow of written laws that affect all our activities. It is thus not surprising to find that the courts are frequently concerned with cases that turn upon the meaning of a particular piece of legislation. In Australia, a rough sample shows that in forty per centum of recent reported cases the courts were required to rule upon the meaning of some legislative instrument. In a further thirty per centum of cases the courts had to apply an Act, regulation, rule, etc., — its meaning this time not being in dispute. 1 It is never easy to express ideas in words and the more complex the idea the greater the difficulty. That which seems to have been clearly explained by the writer may not be so found by the reader. There are many reasons for this. All writing assumes a certain knowledge on the part of the reader, but the writer may have assumed that his reader knew more than was in fact the case and as a result the document may be stated too succinctly or abstrusely. The document may be concerned with something such as a mathematical calculation that does not readily lend itself to a description in words. The idea may be so complex that it requires a very large number of statements, qualifications, exceptions and so on to set it out. Or the writer may not have foreseen all the subtle variations of human conduct relating to the topic dealt with in the document and thereby not have provided for some particular activity. These are but some of the difficulties that confront both writer and reader of any document and they are all magnified in regard to legislation.
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Prehistoric settlement and economy in a tropical small island environment : the Banks Islands, Insular Melanesia
(Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1979) Ward, Graeme
Searching for the Islas de Salomon and their fabulous wealth, the Great Southern Continent beloved of European cartographers and the multitudes of souls surely awaiting salvation there, Quiros the third of the Spanish voyages into the southerly latitudes of the Pacific, stumbled upon the groups of tiny oceanic islands at the intersection of the Solomons and New Hebrides archipelagos. Three or four millennia earlier these same island groups must have been significant links in the initial human colonization of the island Pacific. Their linking role might well have been invoked more than once because they are near the centre of an area bounded by Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. The focus of this study are the Banks Islands, a group of small volcanic islands and atoll-like islets in Insular Melanesia where a variety of ecological situations are manifest, a major source of differentiation being the high-island/low-island dichotomy familiar elsewhere in the Pacific. The research has two major themes: The one concerns the role of the islands in the process of the settlement of the region and the other relates to the processes of economic adaptation of prehistoric communities to small tropical island environments and their changes over time. Various subsidiary themes occur, including the role of ethnographic, or ethnoarchaeological, and ethnohistorical accounts in the interpretation of archaeological data. The main method of enquiry, however, was the collection of archaeological data through survey and excavation. The Banks Islands occur at the north of the New Hebrides archipelago; they comprise a group of several large volcanic islands along with a smaller number of sand quays and raised coral islets. The high islands are characterized by towering peaks, roughly dissected interiors and lush tropical vegetation from high remote fastnesses to tropical strand complexes; rainfall is particularly heavy in the upper reaches and several rivers arise in the centres of the larger islands, depositing at lower attitudes sediments concentrating rich volcanic soils. The narrow coastal flats are bordered by black sand beaches and broken by high rocky headlands; in some places stretches of brilliant white coralline sand are found inside fringing reefs but the major expanses of reef deposits are associated with the atoll-like off-lying islets. These are generally consolidations of recent alluvia but there are also exposures of raised limestone reef formation. The soils of these islets are shallow and infertile but the islets themselves provide access to rich littoral resource areas. Our earliest knowledge of the Banks Islanders is provided by Munilla's brief account of the abduction by Quir6s in April 1606 of men from Gaua in the southern Banks group where they later were exchanged for a pig and other foods (quotation from Kelly above). Two and a half centuries later, at the height of a more intensive labour trade, the islet of Pakea at the entrance to Port Patterson on the northern island of Vanua Lava (a major harbour of the 'blackbirders') was effectively abandoned. Neither does it figure in the accounts of those other soulful traders, the Melanesian Missionaries, who made their headquarters on nearby Mota. Yet here, on Pakea, perhaps the most concentrated evidence of prehistoric human occupation in the group is found. The islet lacks the substantial attributes of the adjacent volcanic high islands, so that more specialized factors must have allowed it to sustain a significant community in the past. Archaeological research has suggested that settlement of this area of Insular Melanesia dates from perhaps three or four millennia ago. Its prehistory has generally been discussed in terms of the ceramics made and used by the prehistoric communities, the two major ones being that associated with the Lapita Complex and the Linear Incised and Applied Relief Ware. The results of the investigations of the Banks Islands indicate that the initial settlers - whose occupation dates from about 3000 BP - used a variety of the latter ceramics related to the Mangaasi Ware of the Central New Hebrides, made a variety of shell tools and ornaments from local resources, including adzes made from the lip as well as the hinge of the Tridacna clams, and that pigs as well as fishes and other marine fauna were staples of their diet. Later in the prehistoric sequence, the use of pottery diminished and probably was discontinued by about two millennia ago and there was a greater concentration of effort toward the production of a more limited range of shell artefacts; there developed the use of basalt for extensive monumental ceremonial centres and large areas of irrigated horticulture. At the same time, there is evident, at Pakea, a change in the proportion of the protein diet obtained from marine as opposed to terrestrial sources. It is suggested that the communities on Pakea developed a specialized role in the production of a limited range of valued commodities and that these were exchanged for other items not produced on the islet. Inferences are made as to the processes promoting this particular adaptation; several variables are explored, including ecological and locational factors as well as cultural criteria. While accounts of the Banks Islands date from early in the seventeenth century AD, few reliable written records exist from before the late 1800's; nevertheless, much of the contemporary economic behaviour of the Banks Island communities can be seen as being of a traditional type and providing a basis for the evaluation of the archaeological evidence of prehistoric adaptive strategies. Systematic study was made of some aspects of fishing practices; especially the patterns of exploitation of marine molluscs by women, and every opportunity was taken in the field to elicit the advice of men and women knowledgeable in traditional areas. An extensive archaeological and ecological survey was undertaken to sample most islands in the northern part of the group along with sections of the main island in the south, Gaua, during 1973. These confirmed and extended the findings of Groube, who had visited the group the previous year, and which had already egated the Shutlers' conclusions that there was no pottery in the area and that archaeological sites were few and insignificant. A major point of departure in the research was the work of Garanger in the Central Islands of the New Hebrides (some four hundred kilometres to the south) which provides a cultural historical framework for the region. However, a major lacuna in earlier studies in the area has been the lack of consideration given to subsistence strategies. These are emphasized in the present research. Because a major part of this emphasis devolves upon marine resources, the seminal work by Reinman on Oceanic fishing was a useful starting point for the discussion. As a result of the surveys, three proposals for continued research were outlined. The first focussed on the socio-ceremonial aspects of the grade organizations and their physical manifestation in the large stone structures associated with the proto and prehistoric settlements throughout the group; the second considered the opportunity to evaluate the chronology of the extensive irrigated gardens(both in use and abandoned)and their development over time both as a particular adaptation to local conditions and as one manifestation of a Pacific-wide phenomenon of which little was known in detail. The third focussed on the variety of coastal settlement sites throughout the group, many of which contained considerable evidence of intensive use of littoral resources in stratified contexts; it was clear that these provided excellent opportunities to explore the development of coastal-oriented economies over time. The third project best fitted the original concerns of the study; it was refined to concentrate the field research upon a series of stratified mounds on Pakea, an atoll-like islet lying off Vanua Lava in the north of the group, and a further series of minor studies, both archaeological and ethnographic, on other islands of the north. An intensive survey was made of Pakea in mid 1974; excavations were completed there and on Rah, Aro and Vanua Lava in April of the following year. Systematic environmental and ethnographic studies were conducted of the Rah littoral and its contemporary pattern of exploitation. While the results of the various studies made elsewhere are incorporated where appropriate, the present discussion focuses on the problems illuminated by the research on Pakea. The first part of the thesis places in archaeological context the two main themes: The prehistory of settlement of the region and the processes of economic adaptation to the small tropical island environments (Chapters I and II). The second and third parts focus on the place of Pakea Islet in the Banks Islands (Chapter III)and describes the results of the archaeological and environmental surveys and detailed mapping and test excavations carried out there, concluding with a discussion of the major excavations of Area A of the mound site, BN-PK-1 (Chapters IV and V). The fourth part covers the various field and laboratory analyses of the major categories of excavated materials, drawing conclusions concerning the chronology of the settlement of the islet from the excavation of the mounds and its secondary position in the sequence of human colonization of the region (Chapter VI), the character and longevity of the ceramic sequence (Chapter VII), the uses made of artefacts fabricated from stone (Chapter VIII) and those widely utilized shells of marine molluscs (Chapters IX and X), concluding with detailed analyses of the contribution to the prehistoric diet of various sources of foodstuffs which were manifest by the archaeological record (Chapter XI). The fifth part draws together the results of the various detailed analyses in a summary fashion and discusses their contribution to aknowledge of the prehistoric settlement and subsistence economies of the Banks Islands within the wider context of Insular Melanesia. These provide the basis of an attempt to illuminate cultural processes promoting change as manifest from the archaeological evidence. Finally, suggestions are made for the focus of further research in the study area and there is a brief consideration of certain aspects which might have implications for the study of the prehistory of other areas. A bibliography of items referred to in the text is included and followed by a series of appendices dealing with the details of discussions in the various chapters. The text is preceded by a prefatory account of the development of the research which includes acknowledgement of various forms of assistance received during the prosecution of the studies and a discussion of the relevance of the work to the Banks Islanders with whose prehistory the thesis is concerned.
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Molecular dissymmetry and coordination compounds
(Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1979) Hawkins, Clifford John